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1.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 111(2): 162-169, Aug. 2018. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-950215

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Pioglitazone has been widely used as an insulin-sensitizing agent for improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, cardiovascular risk and protective effects of pioglitazone remain controversial. Objectives: In this study, we investigated whether pioglitazone affects cardiomyocyte apoptosis and hypertrophy by regulating the VEGFR-2 signaling pathway. Methods: Cardiomyocytes were enzymatically isolated from 1- to 3-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat ventricles. Effects of pioglitazone and the VEGFR-2-selective inhibitor apatinib on cardiomyocyte apoptotic rate was determined using flow cytometry, and hypertrophy was evaluated using [3H]-leucine incorporation. The protein expressions of unphosphorylated and phosphorylated VEGFR-2, Akt, P53, and mTOR were determined by Western-Blotting. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the differences between groups. Results: Pioglitazone and VEGFR-2-selective inhibitor apatinib reduced rat cardiomyocyte viability and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II in vitro. Furthermore, in the same in vitro model, pioglitazone and apatinib significantly increased the expression of Bax and phosphorylated P53 and decreased the expression of phosphorylated VEGFR-2, Akt, and mTOR, which promote cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Conclusions: These findings indicate that pioglitazone induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by modulating the VEGFR-2 signaling pathway.


Resumo Fundamento: A pioglitazona tem sido amplamente utilizada como droga sensibilizadora da insulina para melhorar o controle glicêmico em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. No entanto, o risco cardiovascular bem como os efeitos protetores da pioglitazona ainda são controversos. Objetivos: Neste estudo, investigamos se os efeitos da pioglitazona sobre a apoptose e a hipertrofia de cardiomiócitos ocorrem via regulação da via de sinalização do VEGFR-2. Métodos: os cardiomiócitos foram isolados enzimaticamente dos ventrículos de ratos Sprague-Dawley de 1-3 anos de vida. Os efeitos da pioglitazona e do inibidor seletivo de VEGFR-2 apatinib sobre a taxa de apoptose dos cardiomiócitos foram avaliados por citometria de fluxo, e a hipertrofia avaliada por incorporação de leucina-[3H]. As expressões de VEGFR-2, Akt, P53, e mTOR fosforiladas e não fosforiladas foram determinadas por Western Blotting. Análise de variância (ANOVA) foi usada para avaliar diferenças entre os grupos. Resultados: a pioglitazona e o apatinib reduziram a viabilidade e a hipertrofia de cardiomiócitos induzida por angiotensina II in vitro. Além disso, no mesmo modelo in vitro, a pioglitazona e o apatinib aumentaram significativamente a expressão de Bax e P53 fosforilada, e diminuiu a expressão de VEGFR-2, Akt, e mTOR, que promove hipertrofia de cardiomiócitos. Conclusões: Esses resultados indicam que a pioglitazona induz a apoptose e inibe a hipertrofia de cardiomiócitos pela modulação da via de sinalização de VEGFR-2.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Apoptosis/drug effects , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/drug effects , Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects , Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology , Pioglitazone , Hypertrophy/chemically induced , Hypertrophy/pathology , Animals, Newborn
2.
Acta méd. costarric ; 60(2): 6-14, abr.-jun. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-886407

ABSTRACT

Resumen La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 es una de las enfermedades metabólicas que afecta a diferentes órganos, uno en el cual es el riñón. Una de las principales complicaciones microvasculares es la nefropatía diabética, siendo la principal causa de insuficiencia renal crónica a nivel mundial. De ahí la importancia de las recomendaciones en la utilización o no de los fármacos antihiperglicemiantes, basadas en sus efectos beneficiosos a nivel de la función renal en relación con la tasa de filtración glomerular estimada y la relación albumina/creatinina en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y enfermedad renal. En estudios recientes se han evaluado antihiperglicemiantes con un impacto beneficioso a nivel de desenlaces cardiovascular y renal. En el presente artículo se revisan las acciones y los efectos de los diferentes grupos de medicamentos como la metformina, los inhibidores de la dipeptidil peptidasa 4, los agonistas de la GLP-1, tiazolidinedionas, sulfonilureas, inhibidores del cotransportador de sodio-glucosa tipo 2 e insulinas en la función renal en cuanto a las dosis de cada fármaco, tanto el uso de dosis establecidas, disminución de la dosis o el no uso del medicamento con base en el empeoramiento de la tasa de filtración glomerular estimada. Con respecto a la metodología aplicada para el desarrollo del artículo, se seleccionó artículos a partir de palabras claves como diabetes mellitus tipo 2, antihiperglicemiantes en la función renal, tasa de filtración glomerular estimada y relación albumina/creatinina; se emplearon artículos de revistas reconocidas que no superaran 5 años en su publicación, sin embargo, se utilizaron artículos que superaran este tiempo, dado que aportaban datos importantes para el artículo de revisión.


Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the metabolic diseases that affects different organs, one of which is the kidney. One of the main microvascular complications is diabetic nephropathy, being the main cause of chronic renal failure worldwide. Hence the importance of recommendations on the use or non-use of antihyperglycemic drugs based on their beneficial effects on kidney function, expressed by the estimated glomerular filtration rate and the albumin / creatinine ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and kidney disease. Recent studies have shown antihyperglycemic agents with beneficial impact in cardiovascular and renal endpoints. In the present article we will review the actions and effects of different groups of drugs such as metformin, inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, GLP-1 agonists, thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas, SGLT-2 inhibitors and insulins in renal function in relation to the doses of each drug, both the use of established doses, reduction of the dose or non-use of the drug based on the worsening of the estimated glomerular filtration rate. With respect to the methodology applied for the development of the article, a selection of articles was made based on key words such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, antihyperglycemic agents in renal function, estimated glomerular filtration rate and albumin/ creatinine ratio. Prestigious journal articles were used with less than 5 years since its publication, however articles that exceed this time were used as they provided important data in the review article.


Subject(s)
Humans , Blood Glucose/analysis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications , Metformin/antagonists & inhibitors
3.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 54(4): 345-351, jun. 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-550702

ABSTRACT

A associação entre diabetes melito e risco aumentado de fraturas é bem estabelecida, sendo observada tanto no diabetes tipo 1 quanto tipo 2, com etiologia multifatorial. Evidências de modelos animais têm indicado que tiazolidinedionas (TZD), por meio da ativação do PPAR-gama, levam a aumento do conteúdo adiposo na medula óssea, em detrimento da osteoblastogênese, resultando em perda óssea. Estudos iniciais em humanos vêm evidenciando maior risco de fraturas na população em uso dessas medicações em relação a outros antidiabéticos orais. Sendo TZD drogas amplamente prescritas no tratamento do diabetes tipo 2, é necessário melhor entendimento dos seus mecanismos de ação e do seu impacto sobre a massa óssea e risco de fraturas, com o intuito de direcionar a abordagem desses pacientes quanto à profilaxia e ao tratamento adequados. Este artigo sumariza o conhecimento corrente sobre a relação entre diabetes, TZD e risco de fraturas, bem como, baseado nas evidências atuais, tenta propor formas de conduzir a população em uso dessas medicações.


The association of diabetes mellitus with increased fracture risk is well established, and is observed in both diabetes type 1 and type 2, due to multiple causes. Evidence from rodents suggests that thiazolidinediones (TZD), by activation of PPAR-gamma, cause increased bone marrow adiposity, with decreased osteoblastogenesis resulting in bone loss. Initial studies in humans evidence higher fracture risk in the population using these drugs, in comparison with other oral antidiabetic medications. TZD are largely prescribed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, therefore, better understanding of their mechanisms of action and impact on bone mass and fracture risk is necessary, in order to guide the management of these patients in regards to prophylaxis and adequate treatment. This article summarizes current knowledge about the relationship between diabetes, TZD and fracture risk as well as, based on current evidence, tries to suggest ways to guide the population using these medications.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Fractures, Bone/prevention & control , Thiazolidinediones/adverse effects , Bone Density/drug effects , Fractures, Bone/chemically induced , Hip Fractures/chemically induced , Hip Fractures/prevention & control , Risk Factors
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